Portrait of Moses Hess in 1846 | Artist: Gustav A. Köttgen um 1846, Photographer: Vera de Kok

Author, socialist, and proto-Zionist Moses Hess passed away in Paris. Sometimes called Marx’s rabbi for his friendly disagreements with the creator of Marxism, Hess soon despaired of humanity’s transcending national divisions, especially anti-Semitism, warning of racist German nationalism. His Rome and Jerusalem (1862) argued that Jews would never be accepted and should therefore revive their own state in the land of Israel.

 

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